Below is are some handy reference tables that shows the various ways you can selectively clear a cache bins / mechanisms.

As background to the above I include here a list of functions called by the various commands.

Configuration > Development > Performance > Clear all caches

• drupal_flush_all_caches();

Configuration > Development > Performance > Save configuration

• cssCollectionOptimizer->deleteAll();
• jsCollectionOptimizer->deleteAll();
• renderCache->deleteAll();

Admin Toolbar > Flush All Caches > 

• CSS and Javascript (flush browser JS and CSS)
  • reset system.css_js_query_string
• plugins (part of the discovery bin)
  • \Drupal::service('plugin.cache_clearer')->clearCachedDefinitions();
• render (render bin)
  • $this->cacheRender->invalidateAll();
• routing and links (menu and part of the discovery bin)
  • menu_cache_clear_all(); 
  • $this->menuLinkManager->rebuild();
    • $this->cacheTagsInvalidator->invalidateTags('config.system.menu.*');
  • $this->contextualLinkManager->clearCachedDefinitions(); 
  • $this->localTaskLinkManager->clearCachedDefinitions(); 
  • $this->localActionLinkManager->clearCachedDefinitions();
• static (resets drupal statics)
  • drupal_static_reset();

drush cache-clear

• drush
  • drush_cache_clear_drush();
• theme-registry (part of the bootstrap and part of the default bin)
  • \Drupal::service('theme.registry')->reset();
    • Cache::invalidateTags(['theme_registry']);
• router (part of the data bin)
  • \Drupal::service('router.builder')->rebuild();
• css-js
  • _drupal_flush_css_js();
    • reset system.css_js_query_string
  • drupal_clear_css_cache();
    • \Drupal::service('asset.css.collection_optimizer')->deleteAll();
  • drupal_clear_js_cache();
    • \Drupal::service('asset.js.collection_optimizer')->deleteAll();
• module-list (part of the default bin)
  • \Drupal::cache()->delete('system.module.info');
  • drupal_static_reset('system_get_info');
• theme-list 
  • \Drupal::service('theme_handler')->rebuildThemeData();
    • $this->state->set('system.theme.files', $files_theme);
      • part of the key_value db table
• render (render bin)
  • Cache::invalidateTags(['rendered']);
• views (part of the data and part of the discovery bin)
  • views_invalidate_cache()
    • \Drupal::service('router.builder')->setRebuildNeeded();
    • \Drupal::getContainer()->get('views.route_subscriber')->reset();
    • \Drupal::service('plugin.manager.block')->clearCachedDefinitions();

drush cache-rebuild

• drupal_rebuild();
• drush_cache_clear_drush();

drupal cache:rebuild 

• all
  • drupal_flush_all_caches();
• bootstrap
• config
• container
• data
• default
• discovery
• discovery_migration
• dynamic_page_cache
• entity
• menu
• migrate
• render
• toolbar
• static
  • A special cache bin that does not persist beyond the length of the request.

drupal console invokes $cache->deleteAll() on the specified bin.

SQL truncate table 

• cache_bootstrap
• cache_config
• cache_container
• cache_data
• cache_default
• cache_discovery
• cache_discovery_migration
• cache_dynamic_page_cache
• cache_entity
• cache_menu
• cache_migrate
• cache_render
• cache_toolbar

The cache tables correspond to cache bins.

PHP (Drupal 8 cache API)

• $cache = \Drupal::cache('bootstrap');
  • use any cache bin name, no parameter returns the 'default' cache.
• $cache->deleteAll();
  • DatabaseBackend: Run SQL truncate on cache_bin_name table.
• more granular get, set, invalidate and delete functions available.
  • NB: If you mark cache items as invalid, they may be returned in later calls to get(), if the $allow_invalid argument is TRUE.
• DefaultPluginManager::clearCachedDefinitions();
  • Cache::invalidateTags($this->cacheTags); or
  • $this->cacheBackend->delete($this->cacheKey);
• views_invalidate_cache()
  • \Drupal::service('router.builder')->setRebuildNeeded();
  • \Drupal::getContainer()->get('views.route_subscriber')->reset();
  • \Drupal::service('plugin.manager.block')->clearCachedDefinitions();
• drupal_rebuild()
  • works even when drupal does not bootstrap
  • PhpStorageFactory::get('twig')->deleteAll();
  • $cache->deleteAll();
  • drupal_flush_all_caches();
• drupal_flush_all_caches()
  • Clears all persistent caches:
    • $cache_backend->deleteAll();
  • Clears asset (JS/CSS) file caches.
    • _drupal_flush_css_js();
    • \Drupal::service('asset.css.collection_optimizer')->deleteAll();
    • \Drupal::service('asset.js.collection_optimizer')->deleteAll();
  • Resets all static variables that have been defined via drupal_static().
    • drupal_static_reset();
  •   Invalidate the container.
    • \Drupal::service('kernel')->invalidateContainer();
  • Wipe the Twig PHP Storage cache.
    • PhpStorageFactory::get('twig')->deleteAll();
  • Updates the system with latest information about extensions (modules and themes).
  • Updates the bootstrap flag for modules implementing bootstrap_hooks().
  • Rebuilds the full database schema information (invoking hook_schema()).
  • Rebuilds data structures of all modules (invoking hook_rebuild()). In core this means
    • blocks, node types, date formats and actions are synchronized with the database
    • The 'active' status of fields is refreshed.
  • Rebuilds the menu router.
    • \Drupal::service('router.builder')->rebuild();